|
The ages of consent vary by jurisdiction across Europe. The ages of consent are currently set between 14 and 18. The vast majority of countries set their ages in the range of 14 to 16; only five countries, Ireland (17), Cyprus (17), Malta (18), Turkey (18) and Vatican (18), do not fit into this pattern. The laws can also stipulate the specific activities that are permitted or differentially specify the age at which a given sex can participate. Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject. The highlighted age is that at which, or above which, an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age. In 2014, the self-declared state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus lifted the ban on sodomy, decriminalizing homosexual sex. Other variables may exist, for close-in-age exceptions, for defences in Greece (applicable to heterosexual and lesbian sexual conduct only, not for gay male sexual conduct), however the age limit in Greece is mostly 15 for all, regardless of sexual orientation or gender (as shown below in more detail). All other jurisdictions in Europe have an equal and gender-neutral age limit. The below is a list of all jurisdictions in Europe as listed in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe. ==International obligations== Neither the European Union nor the Council of Europe have suggested any specific age of consent, and there has not been any effort so far to standardize the age across member states. However, most countries in Europe now have binding legal obligations in regard to the sexual abuse of children under 18. The Lanzarote Convention,〔http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/treaties/Html/201.htm〕 which came into effect in 2011, obligates the countries that ratify it to criminalize certain acts concerning children under 18, such as the involvement of such children in prostitution and pornography. Other acts that must be criminalized include: "Engaging in sexual activities with a child (child is defined in Article 3 as "person under the age of 18 years") where: *Use is made of coercion, force or threats; or *Abuse is made of a recognised position of trust, authority or influence over the child, including within the family; or *Abuse is made of a particularly vulnerable situation of the child, notably because of a mental or physical disability or a situation of dependence." The age of consent is called "the legal age for sexual activities" and must be chosen by states at the age they see fit. (No specific age is recommended.) As of 2015, the convention has been ratified by 38 states, while another 9 states have signed but not yet ratified the convention.〔http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=201&CM=1&DF=&CL=ENG〕 In the European Union (EU 28), there is a directive regarding the sexual abuse of children under 18, known as ''"Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography"''.〔http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:335:0001:0014:EN:PDF〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ages of consent in Europe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|